viernes, 21 de noviembre de 2008
Tarea para el grupo 303
Localizar un texto respecto a la historia de la navidad en http://www.history.com/minisites/christmas/ y con base en el determina la macro y la mesoestructura del mismo, después localiza 5 conectores, determina cuál es su función, y las ideas que une. identifica al menos 5 referentes, indica en que párrafo y línea se encuentra quereferente es y a qué o quién sustituye
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AN OUTLAW CHRISTMAS
Equipo:HACKERS GRUPO:303
In the early 17th century, a wave of religious reform changed the way Christmas was celebrated in Europe. When Oliver Cromwell and his Puritan forces took over England in 1645, they vowed to rid England of decadence and, as part of their effort, cancelled Christmas. By popular demand, Charles II was restored to the throne and, with him, came the return of the popular holiday.
The pilgrims, English separatists that came to America in 1620, were even more orthodox in their Puritan beliefs than Cromwell. As a result, Christmas was not a holiday in early America. From 1659 to 1681, the celebration of Christmas was actually outlawed in Boston. Anyone exhibiting the Christmas spirit was fined five shillings. By contrast, in the Jamestown settlement, Captain John Smith reported that Christmas was enjoyed by all and passed without incident.
After the American Revolution, English customs fell out of favor, including Christmas. In fact, Congress was in session on December 25, 1789, the first Christmas under America's new constitution. Christmas wasn't declared a federal holiday until June 26, 1870.
LA MACROESTRUCTURA.
El titulo del texto es Una Navidad Proscrita
La idea principal del texto es:
Habia diferentes creencias religiosas en aquella epoca por aquello de la forma de celebrar la nevidad, unos no aceptaban la idea de qeu se consumiera alcohol en las celebraciones navideñas y el hiciera lo contrario lo multaban con cinco chelines. Entonces cuenta la historia se logro que la navidad fuera una fiesta nacional despues de la revolucion americana.
LA MESOESTRUCTURA
Tema del parrafo 1: La celebracion de la Navidad
Tema del parrafo 2: La Navidad proscrita
Tema del parrafo 3: La Navidad es una fiesta Nacional
Conectores Funcion Idea
1.- as part - Causa - como parte de su esfuerzo,
2.- with - Contraste - con él, vino a Charles la vuelta del día
3.- As a result - Consecuencia - la Navidad no era un día de fiesta
4.- After - Tiempo - de la revolucion Americana
5.- In fact - Contraste - el congreso estaba en la sesion
Referentes Parrafo y Linea Sustituye
1.- they 1 , 3 Oliver Cromwell, fuerzas del puritano
2.- were 2 , 1 Los pergrinos
EQUIPO: SAKURAS GRUPO: 303
EVOLUTION OF SANTA
"The Legend of St. Nicholas and Santa Claus"
The legend of Santa Claus can be traced back hundreds of years to a monk named St. Nicholas. It is believed that Nicholas was born sometime around 280 A.D. in Patara, near Myra in modern-day Turkey. Much admired for his piety and kindness, St. Nicholas became the subject of many legends. It is said that he gave away all of his inherited wealth and traveled the countryside helping the poor and sick. One of the best known of the St. Nicholas stories is that he saved three poor sisters from being sold into slavery or prostitution by their father by providing them with a dowry so that they could be married. Over the course of many years, Nicholas's popularity spread and he became known as the protector of children and sailors. His feast day is celebrated on the anniversary of his death, December 6. This was traditionally considered a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married. By the Renaissance, St. Nicholas was the most popular saint in Europe. Even after the Protestant Reformation, when the veneration of saints began to be discouraged, St. Nicholas maintained a positive reputation, especially in Holland.
"Sinter Klass Comes to New York"
St. Nicholas made his first inroads into American popular culture towards the end of the 18th century. In December 1773, and again in 1774, a New York newspaper reported that groups of Dutch families had gathered to honor the anniversary of his death.
The name Santa Claus evolved from Nick's Dutch nickname, Sinter Klaas, a shortened form of Sint Nikolaas (Dutch for Saint Nicholas). In 1804, John Pintard, a member of the New York Historical Society, distributed woodcuts of St. Nicholas at the society's annual meeting. The background of the engraving contains now-familiar Santa images including stockings filled with toys and fruit hung over a fireplace. In 1809, Washington Irving helped to popularize the Sinter Klaas stories when he referred to St. Nicholas as the patron saint of New York in his book, The History of New York. As his prominence grew, Sinter Klaas was described as everything from a "rascal" with a blue three-cornered hat, red waistcoat, and yellow stockings to a man wearing a broad-brimmed hat and a "huge pair of Flemish trunk hose."
"Shopping Mall Santas"
Gift-giving, mainly centered around children, has been an important part of the Christmas celebration since the holiday's rejuvenation in the early 19th century. Stores began to advertise Christmas shopping in 1820, and by the 1840s, newspapers were creating separate sections for holiday advertisements, which often featured images of the newly-popular Santa Claus. In 1841, thousands of children visited a Philadelphia shop to see a life-size Santa Claus model. It was only a matter of time before stores began to attract children, and their parents, with the lure of a peek at a "live" Santa Claus. In the early 1890s, the Salvation Army needed money to pay for the free Christmas meals they provided to needy families. They began dressing up unemployed men in Santa Claus suits and sending them into the streets of New York to solicit donations. Those familiar Salvation Army Santas have been ringing bells on the street corners of American cities ever since.
"Twas the Night Before Christmas"
In 1822, Clement Clarke Moore, an Episcopal minister, wrote a long Christmas poem for his three daughters entitled, "An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas." Moore's poem, which he was initially hesitant to publish due to the frivolous nature of its subject, is largely responsible for our modern image of Santa Claus as a "right jolly old elf" with a portly figure and the supernatural ability to ascend a chimney with a mere nod of his head! Although some of Moore's imagery was probably borrowed from other sources, his poem helped to popularize Christmas Eve – Santa Claus waiting for the children to get to sleep the now-familiar idea of a Santa Claus who flew from house to house on Christmas Eve – in "a miniature sleigh" led by eight flying reindeer, whom he also named – leaving presents for deserving children. "An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas," created a new and immediately popular American icon. In 1881, political cartoonist Thomas Nast drew on Moore's poem to create the first likeness that matches our modern image of Santa Claus. His cartoon, which appeared in Harper's Weekly, depicted Santa as a rotund, cheerful man with a full, white beard, holding a sack laden with toys for lucky children. It is Nast who gave Santa his bright red suit trimmed with white fur, North Pole workshop, elves, and his wife, Mrs. Claus.
"A Santa By Any Other"
Name18th-century America's Santa Claus was not the only St. Nicholas-inspired gift-giver to make an appearance at Christmastime. Similar figures were popular all over the world. Christkind or Kris Kringle was believed to deliver presents to well-behaved Swiss and German children. Meaning "Christ child," Christkind is an angel-like figure often accompanied by St. Nicholas on his holiday missions. In Scandinavia, a jolly elf named Jultomten was thought to deliver gifts in a sleigh drawn by goats. English legend explains that Father Christmas visits each home on Christmas Eve to fill children's stockings with holiday treats. Pere Noel is responsible for filling the shoes of French children. In Russia, it is believed that an elderly woman named Babouschka purposely gave the wise men wrong directions to Bethlehem so that they couldn't find Jesus. Later, she felt remorseful, but could not find the men to undo the damage. To this day, on January 5, Babouschka visits Russian children leaving gifts at their bedsides in the hope that one of them is the baby Jesus and she will be forgiven. In Italy, a similar story exists about a woman called La Befana, a kindly witch who rides a broomstick down the chimneys of Italian homes to deliver toys into the stockings of lucky children.
"The Ninth Reindeer"
Rudolph, "the most famous reindeer of all," was born over a hundred years after his eight flying counterparts. The red-nosed wonder was the creation of Robert L. May, a copywriter at the Montgomery Ward department store.
In 1939, May wrote a Christmas-themed story-poem to help bring holiday traffic into his store. Using a similar rhyme pattern to Moore's "'Twas the Night Before Christmas," May told the story of Rudolph, a young reindeer who was teased by the other deer because of his large, glowing, red nose. But, When Christmas Eve turned foggy and Santa worried that he wouldn't be able to deliver gifts that night, the former outcast saved Christmas by leading the sleigh by the light of his red nose. Rudolph's message—that given the opportunity, a liability can be turned into an asset—proved popular. Montgomery Ward sold almost two and a half million copies of the story in 1939. When it was reissued in 1946, the book sold over three and half million copies. Several years later, one of May's friends, Johnny Marks, wrote a short song based on Rudolph's story (1949). It was recorded by Gene Autry and sold over two million copies. Since then, the story has been translated into 25 languages and been made into a television movie, narrated by Burl Ives, which has charmed audiences every year since 1964.
MACROESTRUCTURA.-
-Titulo: Evolution of Santa
-Imagenes.
-Idea Principal: La leyenda de Santa Claus se remonta cientos de años a un monje nombre de San Nicolás. Se cree que Nicolás nació en algún momento alrededor de 280 d.C. en Patara, cerca de Myra en la actual Turquía. Admirado mucho por su piedad y bondad, San Nicolás se convirtió en el tema de muchas leyendas. Y Rodolfo el Reno el más famoso de todos los renos", nació más de un centenar de años después de sus ocho homólogos de vuelo. La nariz roja es de extrañar fue la creación de Robert L. de mayo, un redactor en el departamento de Montgomery Ward tienda. En 1939, mayo escribió un tema de las fiestas navideñas historia-poema para ayudar a llevar de vacaciones el tráfico en su tienda. Usando un patrón similar a la rima de Moore " 'twas la noche antes de Navidad", dijo a mayo la historia de Rodolfo, un joven de renos que se burla de los demás ciervos a causa de su grande, brillante, la nariz roja.
MESOESTRUCTURA.-
- Subtitulos:
The Legend of St. Nicholas and Santa Claus
Sinter Klass Comes to New York
Shopping Mall Santas
'Twas the Night Before Christmas
A Santa By Any Other Name
The Ninth Reindeer
CONECTORES.-
CONECTOR FUNCIÓN IDEAS QUE UNEN
Or Alternativa … a lucky day to make large purchases or to get married
And Suman o agregan información In December 1773, and again in 1774
First Enumerar o introducir ideas St. Nicholas made his first inroads into American popular
But Contraste de ideas …his large, glowing, red nose. But, when Christmas…
Then Enumerar o Introducir ideas Since then, the story has been translated…
REFERENTES.-
Párrafo 1 línea 8.- This sustituye: La fiesta de Santa Claus
Párrafo 4 línea 7.- They sustituye: Ejército de Salvación
Párrafo 5 línea 2.- Which sustituye: El poema de Moore
Párrafo 6 línea 4.- His sustituye: Christkind
Párrafo 8 línea 7. - It sustituye: Montgomery Ward
EQUIPO ¨ZOMBI¨ GRUPO 303.
Christmas - An Ancient Holiday
The middle of winter has long been a time of celebration around the world. Centuries before the arrival of the man called Jesus, early Europeans celebrated light and birth in the darkest days of winter. Many peoples rejoiced during the winter solstice, when the worst of the winter was behind them and they could look forward to longer days and extended hours of sunlight.
In Scandinavia, the Norse celebrated Yule from December 21, the winter solstice, through January. In recognition of the return of the sun, fathers and sons would bring home large logs, which they would set on fire. The people would feast until the log burned out, which could take as many as 12 days. The Norse believed that each spark from the fire represented a new pig or calf that would be born during the coming year.
The end of December was a perfect time for celebration in most areas of Europe. At that time of year, most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter. For many, it was the only time of year when they had a supply of fresh meat. In addition, most wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking.
In Germany, people honored the pagan god Oden during the mid-winter holiday. Germans were terrified of Oden, as they believed he made nocturnal flights through the sky to observe his people, and then decide who would prosper or perish. Because of his presence, many people chose to stay inside.
MACROESTRUCTURA:
TITULO: CHRISTMAS- AN ANCIENT HOLIDAY. Navidad - un antiguo de vacaciones.
IMAGEN: DE UN SEÑOR, PINTADO DE COLOR BLANCO.
IDEA PRINCIPAL:
The middle of winter has long been a time of celebration around the world. Centuries before the arrival of the man called Jesus, early Europeans celebrated light and birth in the darkest days of winter. Many peoples rejoiced during the winter solstice, when the worst of the winter was behind them and they could look forward to longer days and extended hours of sunlight.
La media del invierno ha sido durante mucho tiempo un momento de la celebración en todo el mundo. Siglos antes de la llegada del hombre llamado Jesús, los primeros europeos celebran la luz y la luz en los días más oscuros de invierno. Muchos pueblos se alegraron durante el solsticio de invierno, cuando el peor de la temporada de invierno fue detrás de ellos y que podían Esperamos que ya días y largas horas de luz solar.
MESOESTRUCTURA:
TEMA DEL PÁRRAFO: COMO SE CREO LA NAVIDAD Y SUSU CONCEPTOS.
IDEAS PRINCIPALES: Párrafo 1: Celebracion antes de nacer Jesús.
Párrafo 2:Celebración en Escandinavia.
Párrafo 3:Celebraciones en Europa.
Párrafo 4:Temor hacia el dios pagano Oden.
CONECTORES: Son todos aquellos elementos que permiten darle cohesion al texto, es decir, permiten ir entrelazando las expresiones, las oraciones o las ideas de tal manera, que sean lógicas y coherentes.
AND: Y, ADICIÓN: AGREGA INFORMACION SOBRE LO MENCIONADO ANTERIORMENTE.
In recognition of the return of the sun, fathers and sons would bring home large logs, which they would set on fire.
En reconocimiento de la devolución del sol, padres e hijos que llevar a casa grandes troncos, que se establecería en el fuego.
IN ADDITON: ADEMAS, ADICIÓN: AGREGA INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LO MENCIONDO ANTERIORMENTE.
For many, it was the only time of year when they had a supply of fresh meat. In addition, most wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking.
Para muchos, era la única época del año cuando había un suministro de carne fresca. Además, la mayoría de vino y cerveza durante el último año ha sido fermentados y listos para beber
FINALLY: FINALMENTE, SECUENCIA: SEÑALA EL ORDEN EN TIEMPO EN QUE SE LLEVAN A CABO DOS O MAS ACCIONES.
In addition, most wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking.
Además, la mayoría de vino y cerveza durante el último año ha sido fermentados y listos para beber.
THEN: ENTONCES, LUEGO, SECUENCIA: SEÑALA EL ORDEN EN TIEMPO EN QUE SE LLEVA A CABO DOS O MAS ACCIONES.
as they believed he made nocturnal flights through the sky to observe his people, and then decide who would prosper or perish.
ya que considera que hizo los vuelos nocturnos a través del cielo para observar a su pueblo y, a continuación, decidir que prospere o perecer.
DURING: DURANTE. The Norse believed that each spark from the fire represented a new pig or calf that would be born during the coming year.
El nórdico cree que cada chispa del fuego representó un nuevo cerdo o ternera que se nacido durante el próximo año.
REFERENTES:
HIS: Párrafo 4, linea 3: Because of his presence, many people chose to stay inside., sustituye a: ODEN
The middle of winter has long been a time of celebration around the world. Centuries before the arrival of the man called Jesus, early Europeans celebrated light and birth in the darkest days of winter. Many peoples rejoiced during the winter solstice, when the worst of the winter was behind them and they could look forward to longer days and extended hours of sunlight.
In Scandinavia, the Norse celebrated Yule from December 21, the winter solstice, through January. In recognition of the return of the sun, fathers and sons would bring home large logs, which they would set on fire. The people would feast until the log burned out, which could take as many as 12 days. The Norse believed that each spark from the fire represented a new pig or calf that would be born during the coming year.
The end of December was a perfect time for celebration in most areas of Europe. At that time of year, most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter. For many, it was the only time of year when they had a supply of fresh meat. In addition, most wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking.
In Germany, people honored the pagan god Oden during the mid-winter holiday. Germans were terrified of Oden, as they believed he made nocturnal flights through the sky to observe his people, and then decide who would prosper or perish. Because of his presence, many people chose to stay inside.
MACROESTRUCTURA: Navidad una antigua celebracion
IMAGENES
IDEA PRINCIPAL:La navidad se ha celebrado por muchos siglos en todo el mundo. En cada zona de el continente europeo es celebrado de diferentes maneras y cada uno tiene diferentes creencias.
MESOESTRUCTURA:En europa se la luz y la luz de los dias obscuros de invierno.
en Escandinavia se celebra la navidad nordica el 21 de diciembre con una duracion de 12 dias. Estos creen que cada chispa de fuego representa un nuevo ternero o cerdo que nacera el proximo año. En diferentes zonas de Europan se sacrifican bovinos en esta epoca a fin de que todos los ciudadanos puedan comer y beber pues es la unica fecha del año en que lo pueden hacer. En Alemania la gente honra al dios pagano durante el invierno, la gente vivia aterrorizada pues se creia que el dios hacia vuelos nocturnos para decidir el destino de la gente por este motivo muchos no salian de sus casas.
CONECTORES:
and: adicion. sirve para unir palabras
in: contraste. sirve para indicar lugar
During: tiempo. para determinar la duracion de un lapso de tiempo
REFERENTES:
They: parrafo 3 linea 2 y 3 sustituye a: Los Europeos
his: parrafo 4. sustituye a: la gente que honraba al dios pagano
His: parrafo 4. sustituye a: la gente del pueblo
Which: parrafo 2. sustituye a: Los grandes troncos
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